The NaOH dialysis coefficient (U OH) values improved while values of separation factor (S) declined with the increase of GMSG/VMSG content. The mechanical properties of the membranes improved up to 40% GMSG/VMSG content. Water uptake and degree of swelling decreased while IEC values increased with the increase of GMSG/VMSG content in membrane matrix. TGA results indicated that GMSG membranes showed relatively high thermal stability as compared to VMSG membranes. SEM analysis confirmed dense structure and uniform distribution of silica particles in the membrane. The cross-linking between GMSG/VMSG and PVA was verified by the presence of stretching peaks of Si–O–C, Si–O–Si, C–O–C and –C(=O)–O–C groups between 10 cm − 1. The FTIR peaks around 1260–1350 cm − 1 confirmed the secondary C–N linkages. The prepared membranes were systematically characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM analysis, ion exchange capacity (IEC), TGA, water uptake, water swelling, mechanical strength and diffusion dialysis performance for alkali separation using NaOH/Na 2WO 4 solution. Noteworthy, this paper is vanguard for this kind of evaluations and its methodology can be used for other kind of cells and electrodes.In this work, two types of silica functionalized monosodium glutamate (GMSG and VMSG)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were cross-linked by sol–gel process to prepare novel hybrid cation exchange membranes. This study helps finding appropriate materials (electrode, electrolyte, and substrate), and paves the way for optimization of the cells. Accordingly, an insight for the perspective of the future researches of the intercalation batteries is suggested. It is concluded that (de)intercalation of AlCl 4 − ions has a faster kinetic than Al 3+ ions. It is found that among the considered materials the carbon-based electrodes including graphene, carbon nanotube, and graphite provide the best performance and rate-capability, while the MoS 2 electrode shows the poorest one. We find that the distribution of the curves is due to three main parameters, namely synthesis method, electrolyte type, and substrate of the electrode. The data of Al-ion batteries’ electrode materials show more distribution in comparison with Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. The approach presents an appropriate manner for assessing the goodness of a given electrode and cell performance. Evaluating the data, we employ an approach which has been proposed for the normalization and standardization of the intercalation batteries’ data. In this paper, we extract many experimental charge-discharge data (C and R) from the literature. The improvement of the intercalation electrodes for Al-ion batteries needs a deep understanding of the relation of charge-discharge parameters, especially the specific capacity (C) and the charge-discharge rate (R).

Ion diffusion in pva